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The Tiger was a powerful heavy tank, much feared by the Allies. It was, however, a stop gap solution to the problem posed on the Eastern Front by the superior Soviet T-34. No sooner was the Tiger in production than an order was issued for a new heavy tank. It was to incorporate the lessons learned from the T-34, in particular the use of sloped armour as had already been successfully introduced on the Panther tank.
In August 1942 the Heereswaffenamt issued the specification to Porsche and Henschel for a redesigned Tiger incorporating thicker, sloped armour and a larger gun. The first design from Porsche, known as the Type 180, was based on the Tiger (P) or VK4501(P) design. It had the turret mounted forward, and the engine at the rear, and was planned to carry either a 15cm L/37 or 10.5cm L/70 weapon. This was rejected in favour of a modified design, the VK4502(P). This had a larger turret armed with the 8.8cm L/71 and mounted at the front of a redesigned hull. Confidence in this design led to Wegmann AG starting the production of turrets for it. However, it retained many of the features of the VK4501(P) including the engines, electric transmission and suspension; this was its downfall. As with the VK4501(P) the electric transmission required large amounts of copper which was in very short supply. The project was cancelled, though not before fifty turrets and three hulls had been completed.
Meanwhile Henschel had not been idle and had produced two competitive designs. The first, the VK4502(H), had been modified from their Tiger design and was rejected. The second, the VK4503(H), was altogether superior and was accepted in January 1943. The first prototype did not appear, however, until October of that year; some three months behind schedule. This was due to the insistence by Waffenprüfamt 6 that, in the interests of standardisation, the vehicle should share as many components as possible with the projected MAN Panther II tank.
The first prototype of the Tiger Ausf B or Tiger II, vehicle V1, was produced in November 1943 at Kassel, on a parallel production line to the Tiger Ausf E. Prototypes V2 and V3 followed soon after. Production vehicles came off the lines from February 1944 and the first forty-seven (serial numbers 280001 to 280047), along with the prototypes, were fitted with the spare Porsche turrets. All subsequent vehicles carried the Henschel turret. Some 489 examples of the Tiger II or Königstiger (King Tiger), up to number 280489, plus the three prototypes, were produced in total.
Porsche Turret Model
Porsche turrets were distinguished by their curved front plate (100mm thick) and the cupola protruding into the turret side. They carried a one-piece ‘monobloc’ gun barrel whereas from May 1944 Henschel turrets had a two-piece gun barrel with a smaller muzzle brake. It should be noted, however, that at least a few Porsche turrets were fitted with the later type of barrel, probably through retrofitting. Apart from the prototypes, all Tiger IIs received a coating of Zimmerit anti-magnetic mine paste as standard until September 1944.
Early production Tiger II chassis, those mounting Porsche turrets, existed in a number of different variants. In particular, a monocular Turmzielfernrohr 9d sighting telescope replaced the previous 9b/1 from May 1944. The first vehicles produced, for example prototypes V1 and V8, had sprockets with 18 teeth per ring, the binocular gunner’s sight, and front towing lugs with straight edges. Some later vehicles retained the 18-tooth sprockets but had the monocular gunner’s sight and front towing lugs with concave edges. Other later vehicles had 9-tooth sprockets, the binocular gunner’s sight and front towing lugs with concave edges. Tiger IIs with Porsche turrets were also fitted with three different types of exhaust outlet. These were a vertical, flat-topped outlet inside curved shields, an inverted J-shaped simple outlet (from February 1944), and the J shaped outlet inside curved shields.
The 18-tooth sprockets of the early vehicles suffered from excessive wear of every second tooth, because of the uneven pitch of the double link track, and so the number of teeth was halved in the later vehicles. In May 1944 a new, improved double link track was introduced. The original track had guide teeth on every link whereas the new one was distinguished by having teeth only on every second link. The prototype vehicles had the original track but nearly all others had the second type of track. This included early vehicles built with 18 tooth sprockets, though this may have been due to refitting in the field.
1) The Tank Museum - Public Areas, Bovington, Britain
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Unique ID: |
214
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V2.
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“300” painted in black on turret sides. German crosses painted on turret sides. Painted overall in a sand, green and brown camouflage scheme.
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This Tiger II was in service with Heeres Waffenprufungamt (Army Ordnance Testing Department) at Sennelager. It was accepted for trials at Sennelager in January 1944 and was not intended to be issued to the troops. The gun that was fitted after it arrived in Britain is of a later type than would have been fitted originally. The tank was put on the museum books in 1952. Its suspension on its left-hand side is incomplete and it is missing its track guards.
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Henschel Turret Model
By the time the Tiger II was produced with the Henschel turret the chassis and suspension had been standardised. All such vehicles had 9-tooth sprockets, the later track, a monocular gunner’s sight, front towing lugs with concave edges, and the J shaped simple exhaust outlet. However, early in 1945 18-tooth sprockets were reintroduced along with a new single link track.
The Tiger II was heavily armoured with a 185mm armour plate on the turret front (Henschel version) and 150mm armour on the glacis plate, and was armed with the 8.8cm L/71 gun. It was powered by the same HL 230 P30 engine used in late production Panthers and utilised the same radiators and engine deck fittings. Its suspension was similar to that of the Tiger and Panther tanks. However, it used overlapping roadwheels, as interleaved ones had been found to have a tendency to be jammed by snow and shingle. It could be fitted with narrower transport track without modification, unlike all but the late-production models of the Tiger.
The Tiger II first saw action on the Eastern Front in May 1944. It was encountered by the Allies in the West in August 1944 and became known as the ‘Royal Tiger’. It was unreliable, under powered and was produced in limited numbers, but was very successful in defence. It was the heaviest tank to see service in the Second World War and was greatly feared by all those who had to oppose it.
2) The Tank Museum - Public Areas, Bovington, Britain
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Unique ID: |
215
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Serial Number: |
280093.
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“104” painted in grey on turret sides. German crosses painted on turret sides. Painted overall in a sand, green and brown camouflage scheme.
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This Tiger II was commanded by an officer named Sepp Franzl when it was abandoned. It was put on the Bovington Museum books in 1994 and was transported on a low loader from Shrivenham to Bovington on 18 May 2006. It was a static display at Tankfest 2006.
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3) Schweizerische Militärmuseum, Full, Switzerland
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Unique ID: |
219
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“280215” - chassis number.
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“341” and German crosses painted on turret sides. Painted overall in a green, brown and yellow camouflage scheme.
In the 1980’s: “331” and German crosses painted on the turret sides. 1 SS Panzer Korps emblem painted on glacis. Painted overall in a dark green and yellow camouflage scheme.
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This King Tiger is fitted with a Henschel turret. It arrived on 14 September 2006 from Thun as a permanent loan. It is to be restored over some years from the ground up. The turret has been removed and is displayed separately on a stand, while the hull has been stripped of its tracks, engine and other components. Restoration began in November 2007 and it was found that the engine, transmission and steering systems were largely complete, though some parts such as the air filter and carburettor were missing, and the alternator and fans were in poor condition. Most sheet metals parts were rusted away, including the fuel tanks, fans, and covers. Where possible existing parts are being restored and reused, while missing or badly corroded parts are being replaced. Restoration work takes place in the main hall of the museum, where visitors can watch its progress.
In the years after World War II the French army gifted to Switzerland several German tanks. Some of these vehicles were subsequently used for experiments or for targets on firing ranges such as Hartziele. Some still survive in the outdoor display area of Thun museum, and over the intervening period they have been repainted a number of times so their original markings have been lost. The story of how this vehicle came from France to Switzerland is now shrouded in mystery, and today no documents can be found about how it came or by what route it reached Thun. It is not known where the tank served so the museum is now trying to clarify its history. From its chassis number ‘280215’ it is clear that it was manufactured and delivered in September 1944. Remains of Zimmerit anti-magnetic mine coating indicate that it was originally equipped with such a coating.
According to the Koenigstiger.ch website a recently discovered photograph shows the King Tiger after the war at a camp somewhere in France. At that time it was fitted with transport track but the muzzle damage and other details identify it as the same vehicle. Further it suggests that the chassis number and the timing of delivery imply that it served with Schwere Panzer Abteilung 506. However, sPzAbt 506 returned to Germany from the Eastern Front in August 1944, received its Tigers IIs during August and September, and deployed to Holland late in September. It is therefore unclear how a tank from that unit could have ended up in a camp in France at the end of the war. Nonetheless, the most likely alternative unit would probably have been sPzAbt 503 but it was mostly equipped with Tiger IIs fitted with Porsche turrets; it only received a handful of vehicles fitted with Henschel turrets, and in any case most of its tanks were abandoned or destroyed by their crews following the withdrawal through the Falaise gap at the end of August 1944. The origin of this vehicle therefore remains a mystery.
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4) National Armor and Cavalry Museum, Fort Benning, USA
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Unique ID: |
220
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“332” painted on turret sides. Painted overall in a green, brown and sand camouflage scheme.
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This Tiger II was moved by transporter from Fort Knox to Fort Benning on 14 December 2010, with wooden boards fixed over the open sides of the turret and hull.
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